ABSTRACT
This research presents the daily mobility patterns during 2019 in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua. Due to the lack of recent and available information, origin-destination surveys, traditional statistics and Dijkstra's algorithm using Geographic Information Systems, to analyze displacements throughout the urban area divided into 64 polygons. Descriptive patterns at the urban scale were determined from variables such as distances and times of each trip, origin and destination places, schedules, reasons, types of transportation, expenditure and household income. The results show the areas with the highest demand for mobility, as well as the preferences and costs involved in moving within the city before the mobility restrictions caused by COVID-19 and the construction of new continuous vehicular mobility projects, bike routes and a second BRT line.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: COVID-19 is a global pandemic that threats the survival of man. This health problem shakes health services every day and generates mortality in almost all age groups. Objective: To provide data on COVID-19 that contribute to improve quality of the care process in children with suspected SARS-CoV-2 or with the infection. Material and Methods: A review of COVID-19 was carried out in Pubmed/Medline, Science Direct and SciELO. Google Scholar search engine was used. The words coronavirus, COVID-19, and SARS-CoV-2 in Spanish and English were used. The information obtained was classified according to the type of source. After this process, the drafting of the article began. Development: Most pediatric cases are asymptomatic. Common clinical manifestations include fever, cough, odynophagia, and respiratory difficulty. Although asymptomatic presentation remains to be predominant, respiratory, digestive, neurological and cutaneous involvement is noted in varying degrees. Smoking and other individual conditions are related to the evolution of the disease. Laboratory tests describe leukopenia, above all, in serious ways. Elevation of procalcitonin and Creactive protein suggest bacterial overinfection, justifying the prescription of antibiotics. Chest Xray is usually normal, but it may reveal patchy infiltrates in patients with parenchymal involvement. The evolution is favorable and the mortality is low. Conclusions. COVID-19 in children has a heterogeneous presentation. It is usually asymptomatic, although it may affect systems and organs. It evolves towards recovering in 3-4 weeks. © 2021 Universidad de Ciencias Medicas de La Hab. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The adaptive immune response is made up of T and B lymphocytes. Both types of lymphocytes are responsible for cell-mediated immunity and subsequent antibody production. Objective: To deepen the immunopathogenic mechanisms that lead to the specific immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Methods: A bibliographic review was carried out in the US National Library of Medicine, through the PubMed search engine of the articles published during the first half of 2020, with the terms "SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19" more "immunopathology". Development: The adaptive immune response is essential in the elimination of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is made up of different cellular components, among which are: CD3 + CD4 + T lymphocytes, CD3 + CD8 + T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. In a subgroup of patients with SARS-Cov-2 infection, the activation of both types of lymphocytes seems to be disproportionate, being greater in those with severe clinical manifestations. In severe patients, lymphocyte depletion is greater for CD3 + CD8 + T lymphocytes than for CD3 + CD4 + and B T cells, respectively. Conclusions: When the adaptive immune response is poorly modulated, it causes a state of hyperinflammation that leads to severe clinical manifestations and tissue damage. The identification of severity prediction biomarkers and the existence of "immunophenotypes" of COVID-19 patients based on the type of integrated immune response of T and B cells, makes it possible to apply immunomodulatory treatments in a more personalized way. © 2020, Editorial Ciencias Medicas. All rights reserved.